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August 16, 2004

IHT on Nahrain (Baghdad TV Channel)

A calmer voice comes to nascent Iraqi television scene
Nicola Clark

He may not seem like a revolutionary, but Mohammed Gohar is hoping to play a part in the transformation of Iraq's broadcasting landscape.

The 52-year-old founder of Video Cairo Sat, an Egyptian production company, Gohar plans to begin beaming Nahrain, a new Baghdad-based television channel, this month to millions of Iraqis who for decades knew only the strictly controlled dispatches of Saddam Hussein's propaganda machine.

"Under Saddam, the media was a means for the government to send its message to the people," Gohar said recently by telephone from his Cairo office. "Now we have the means to help the people to get their message to the government." Private television broadcasters have been quietly springing up all over Iraq in the past year and currently number around a dozen. Most are formally licensed - either by the former U.S.-led coalition or by Iraq's new interim government - but they remain loosely regulated. Many are also being founded and financed by the country's various ethnic or religious factions, raising concerns among government officials and analysts that they are being used to serve the political interests of their benefactors. Nahrain, Gohar insists, is different. "We have no agenda," he said. "We just want to inform and entertain and basically to help people to cope with their daily lives in what is a very shaky and chaotic situation." Iraq's broadcasting scene has undergone a breathtaking transformation over the past year and a half. Under Saddam, Iraq's media were tightly controlled by the Information Ministry, which was headed by Uday Hussein, Saddam's mercurial eldest son. Uday, in addition to his role as chairman of the editorial boards of about a dozen daily and weekly newspapers, was also in charge of broadcast media and directly managed one of the three official television channels, Al Shabab. Owning a satellite dish was illegal, and Iraqis caught with one in their homes were subject to six months in prison and a stiff fine. Today, roughly one-third of Iraqi households own satellite dishes. There are more than 90 television and radio stations available in Iraq, according to BBC Monitoring, an arm of the BBC. Many, like the pan-Arab channels Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya, are commercial stations broadcast from abroad and only available via satellite. The most widely available free-to-air station is Al Iraqia, which was set up in May 2003 by the U.S.-led coalition government. Nahrain, which means "rivers" in Arabic, is being financed by an initial $25 million investment from Naguib Sawiris, chief executive of Orascom, an Egyptian telecommunications group. Orascom also owns Iraq's main wireless operator, Iraqna. Nahrain's offices in Baghdad employ a staff of around 80, all of them Iraqi nationals and many with distinguished credentials. "We went out recruiting and found a lot of talented Iraqis - Sunnis, Shias, Kurds, everything," said Gohar, whose own 30-year career includes stints as the personal photographer for President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, who was assassinated in 1981, and as a cameraman for the American network NBC. Maintaining independence will be crucial for Nahrain to win credibility with the Iraqi public and to secure the confidence of prospective advertisers, media analysts said. That will become ever more important as Iraq's interim government places television and radio broadcasters under increasing scrutiny as it struggles with civil unrest. "We are now seeing a great boost in the number of media outlets in Iraq that are going to be competing for audiences," said Hussein Amin, chairman of the department of mass communications at the American University in Cairo. "That is good in lots of ways, but the more I learn about what is really happening in Iraq, I am concerned that some of the media are becoming tools in the hands of people who misuse it. If it goes rapidly in the way that it is now, that could cause problems in the future." Several stations, like PUK TV, a terrestrial channel based in Kirkuk and backed by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, and Al Furat, a network sponsored by the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, a Shiite group, are openly partisan. But even some that are nominally neutral have recently come under official scrutiny. On Aug. 7, for example, Iraq's prime minister, Ayad Allawi, ordered the Baghdad bureau of Al Jazeera, the popular pan-Arab satellite channel based in Qatar, to close its doors for a month. Allawi said Jazeera's extensive coverage of kidnappings and its airing of inflammatory videotapes submitted by militant groups had become a threat to public order. Gohar said he hoped that Nahrain, by steering clear of inflammatory content, could remain above the fray. While its 10-hour daily programming schedule includes ample doses of news and public affairs content, these programs are interspersed with musical variety shows, children's cartoons and recent Arabic sitcoms or dramas from Egypt or the Gulf. Nahrain's marquee program is a mid-day chat show called "Baghdad Today," a two-hour segment of news, interviews and features modeled on the successful U.S. morning shows "Good Morning America" and "The Today Show." The prime-time dinner-hour slot is devoted to "Talk of the Hour," a one-hour news and call-in program with Hassan Abu El Ela, a former BBC radio host and Nahrain's editorial director, as host. The late evening is reserved for a feature film - some from Video Cairo Sat's library of mainly Egyptian movies and others for which rights have been acquired from Western channels like Showtime in the United States. Other regular segments include a 20-minute daily show called "Talk to America." According to program notes for the show, Nahrain staff members will take to the streets of Baghdad and record Iraqis voicing their concerns and posing questions about the U.S. presence in Iraq. Responses will then be solicited from U.S. government and military representatives. While Gohar said he hoped that Iraqis would embrace Nahrain as an alternative to more partisan channels, it is also intended as a commercial venture. The network expects to carry as much as 80 minutes a day of advertising, although Gohar conceded that selling ads in a country whose economy has been largely crippled by war was a challenge. "We are not expecting much revenue in the first year," he said. To entice local advertisers, the station is offering free 30-second spots for the first six months. Meanwhile, foreign companies are being charged "competitive rates" for their ads, Gohar said, though he declined to provide details. Iraqna, Orascom's wireless unit, has already purchased a number of ad slots, and Gohar said Nahrain was aggressively courting deep-pocketed advertisers, especially among the many contractors seeking business in Iraq. Nahrain's biggest competitors in the terrestrial market have close links with foreign governments and carry little in the way of paid advertising. The biggest, Al Iraqia, was set up last year by the U.S.-led coalition government and served as the authority's official broadcast outlet until the formal transfer of sovereignty to Iraq's provisional government on June 28. Washington has since subcontracted the operation of the station to a private consortium led by Harris Corp., a Florida-based maker of broadcasting equipment, and the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation. Al Iraqia has an annual budget of $96 million and is broadcast on VHF and UHF frequencies - giving it access to about 85 percent of TV households - for as much as 12 hours a day. Another major free-to-air channel is Al Alam, a 24-hour Arabic-language channel that transmits news, features and religious programs from across the border in Iran. Its financial resources are unknown, but it is widely accessible in Baghdad and in the majority Shiite regions of the south. Yet although they are free, analysts said, neither of these stations has captured a truly national audience to compete with pan-Arab satellite channels like Al Jazeera or Al Arabia, which is based in Dubai. "Most Iraqis perceive these broadcasters as propaganda outlets," said Peter Feuilherade, an analyst at BBC Monitoring Media Services. But Amin argued that the question of a broadcaster's ownership was less important for most viewers. What mattered, he said, was the relevance of the content to their lives and its reliability. "With this new open model for broadcasting in Iraq, people are free to select what they want to see," Amin said. "In the beginning, they may be conscious of the ownership, but after a while this will become less important." "Any commercial station, if it addresses the kinds of programs that Iraqis would like to watch, then I think it can be a success," he said. Gohar said that Nahrain would continue to develop new ideas for original programs geared specifically for an Iraqi audience. He said plans were already in the works for an originally produced soap opera and a reality show. "Iraq has so many things to show - more than just who killed who today," he said. "War is a part of Iraqi life, but not the other way around."

Posted by Matthew Burton on August 16, 2004 at 01:57 PM in Native media, New television | Permalink

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